1)
You have the folowing equation:
100% Percentage
------- = ------------
Total Part Money
and you have to multiply over cross and divide the other so if
you want to calculate 10% of 120 Euro you do:
Percentage = 10%
Total = 120 Euro
-> 10*120/100 and get the "Part Money" of 12 ?
If you have 14 Euro that make 12% of the total amount you do:
Percentage = 12%
Part Money = 14 Euro
-> 14*100/12=116+2/3
This is quite easy. Just remember the equation and Multiply over cross and then
divide by the remaining known component. Thats how I do it.
2) There is none. Its an advanced calc and they assume that if you can use it you
are also able to know how to do these calculations

3) Maybe, I don't know but I think it's the same answere as at 2)
4) You should be smart enough to do it also. Didn't you do it in school by hand
(without the calc) we are supposed to learn how to do ALL opperations by hand
without a calc before we're allowed to calculate them with a calculator and
I think this is ok.