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سلام دوباره به همه و بریم سراغ قسمت else.

در کد قبلی فرض کنید میخوایم اگر x منفی باشه برامون Nagative چاپ کنه. این کار رو با یک قسمت else انجام میدیم:

x = tonumber( input() )
 if x > 0 then
   print("Positive")
else
   print("Negative")
end
print("Program finished")

با اجرای برنامه بالا، اگر عددی که میدیم مثبت باشه، شرط x > 0 رو بررسی میکنه و چون درست هست Positive چاپ می‌کنه، بعد از روی قسمت else میپره تا به end مربوط به بلوک if برسه و بعد Program Finished رو چاپ میکنه. اما اگه عدد منفی باشه: شرط x > 0 رو بررسی می‌کنه، چون این دفعه این عبارت منطقی صدق نمی‌کنه، چیزای بعد از if رو اجرا نمی‌کنه بلکه نگاه می‌کنه اگر قسمت else توی برنامه داشته باشیم (که اینجا داریم)، اون بخش رو اجرا می‌کنه. پس برامون Negative رو چاپ می‌کنه و از if خارج میشه و Program Finished هم همیشه چاپ میشه.

خوب حالا اگر یه نفر عدد صفر رو وارد کنه برنامه‌ی بالا چیکار میکنه؟ خودتون امتحان کنید. میبینم که Negative چاپ میشه. چرا؟ خوب معلومه اول شرط x > 0 بررسی میشه، ولی چون 0 بزرگتر از 0 نیست، این شرط غلطه بنابراین قسمت else رو اجرا میکنه.

توی بسیاری از موارد برنامه نویسی جاهایی هست که بیشتر از دو تا انتخاب داریم. مثل این جا اگه بخوایم در صورت وارد کردن عدد 0 عبارت Zero چاپ بشه، در حقیقت توی یه تصمیم سه حالته هستیم. در این مواقع هست که پای elseif هم وسط میاد:

x = tonumber( input() )
if x > 0 then
   print("Positive")
elseif x == 0 then
   print("Zero")
else
   print("Negative")
end
print("Program finished")

برنامه‌ی بالا نشون میده که هر تعداد بخوایم میتونیم حالت‌های مختلف برای تصمیم‌گیری داشته‌باشیم. توی کد بالا عبارت elseif x == 0 then هم به عنوان یکی از بخش‌های if نوشته شده. اگر کاربر عدد صفر رو وارد کنه، اول شرط x > 0 بررسی میشه که غلط هست پس برنامه میره جلو ببینه elseif یا else نوشتیم یا نه. چون elseif رو میبینه، شرط x == 0 (بخوانید:‌اگر ایکس برابر صفر باشد) رو بررسی میکنه و میبینه صدق می‌کنه، پس عبارات بعدشو اجرا می‌کنه یعنی Zero رو نشون میده و بعد به خارج از بلوک if میره و Program Finished رو چاپ میکنه. توجه کنید که اگر 0 وارد کنیم دیگه Negative رو چاپ نمیکنه چون که در یک بلوک if فقط محتوای یک بخش if یا elseif یا else اجرا میشه، به عبارت بهتر فقط یک تصمیم میتونه گرفته بشه و بعد از اجرای اون تصمیم (که اینجا مثبت بودن یا صفر بودن یا «در غیر اینصورت» بودن هست) اجرای برنامه از بعد از end مربوط به اون بلوک if از سرگرفته میشه.

نکته‌ای که اینجا هست اینه که در چک کردن شرط «اگر ایکس برابر صفر باشد» چرا بجای یک علامت مساوی دو تا گذاشته‌ایم؟ جواب: زیرا این دو علامت با هم فرق می‌کنند. = علامت انتساب هست مثلا فلان مقدار را بریز توی x ولی == علامت منطقی تساوی هست و توی شرطها همیشه باید از == استفاده کرد و استفاده از = موجب خطا میشه.

مثال دیگه: برنامه‌ای بنویسید که نمره‌های درخشان یک دانشجو رو بگیره، اگر بین 0 تا 10 باشه عبارت Fail رو نشون بده، بین 10 تا 15 عبارت Bad و بین 15 تا 20 عبارت Good. اگر نمره بین این عددها نباشه پیغام Error رو چاپ کنه.

x = tonumber(input())
 if 0 < x and x <= 10 then
   print "Fail"
 elseif 10 < x and x <= 15 then
   print "Bad"
 elseif 15 < x and x <= 20 then
   print "Good"
 else
   print "Error"
 end

با نگاه کردن به کد بالا طرز کارشو کشف کنید. در ضمن در x <= 10 اون علامت کوچکترمساوی هست. فقط یه نکته که باید توجه کنید اینه که برای چک کردن این که x بین دو تا عدد هست مثلا اینجوری if 0 < x <= 10 then نمیتونیم بنویسیم. بلکه باید مثل بالا if 0 < x and x <= 10 بنویسیم (که then درستش هم توی ریاضیات همین هست).

مثال دیگه: برنامه بنویسید که اسم یه آدم رو بگیره که اسامی شامل ali, jack, sara, mary هست. سپس جنسیت شخص مورد نظر رو چاپ کنه.

name = input()
 if name=="ali" or name=="jack" then
   print "Male"
 else if name=="sara" or name=="mary"
   print "Female"
 else
   print "I don't know"
 end

خوب در مثال قبل‌تری and رو دیده بودید، در این مثال or رو می‌بینیم که همون معنایی رو میده که شما به ذهنتون خطور میکنه. میگه «اگر نام برابر ali باشد یا نام برابر jack باشد آنگاه...». یک اشتباه که معمولاً برنامه‌نویسهای مبتدی می‌کنند ولی ما به عنوان مدعی‌های برنامه‌نویسی نمی‌کنیم، این هست که به جای شرط بالا می‌نویسند:

if name == "ali" or "jack" then ...

عبارت بالا کاملاً اشتباه هست! اگر کسی میخواد بدونه بگه ولی در حالت عادی توضیح نمیدم که چرا اشتباهه چون اگه بخوام بگم احتمالا مثل قبل پنج تا پاراگراف توضیح مینویسم ولی همهش مبهم بنابراین...

تا حالا از عملگرهای > و < و == توی شرطها استفاده کرده بودیم ولی کل عملگرها اینها هستند:

==  مساوی
 >   بزرگتر
 <   کوچکتر
 >=  بزرگتر یا مساوی
 <=  کوچکتر یا مساوی
 ~=  نا مساوی

در ضمن if و هر بلوک دیگه رو میشه توی زبان‌های برنامه نویسی تودرتو کرد. مثال پیچیده: فرض کنید یه استاد دانشگاه میخواد نمره‌های پایان ترم دانشجوهاشو رد کنه. اگر دانشجویی قبول شده باشه استاد 2 نمره اضافی بهش میده، اما اگر دانشجویی رد شده باشه در صورتی که اون دانشجو از دانشجوهای مورد علاقه استاد یعنی ali و sara باشه بهش 5 نمره ارفاق بکنه ولی از بقیه 2 نمره کم کنه! این برنامه باید اسم دانشجو و نمره شو بگیره و نمره نهایی رو پرینت کنه

name = input("Student name:")
 grade = tonumber(input("Student grade:"))
 if grade > 10 then
   grade = grade + 2
 else
   if name=="ali" or name=="sara" then
	 grade = grade + 5
   else
	 grade = grade - 2
   end
 end
 print("Final grade is ", grade)

تو کد بالا نام و نمره رو در دو خط اول میگیریم، اگر نمره بزرگتر از 10 باشه یعنی دانشجو قبول شده باشه دو نمره به نمره اش اضافه میکنیم. اما اگر نمره اش زیر 10 باشه، در صورتی که نامش جزو نامهای مورد علاقه استاده هست 5 نمره میده و در غیر اینصورت 2 نمره هم کم میکنه و به التماس های اون‌ها توجهی نمیکنه و در آخر هم نمره‌ی نهایی رو چاپ میکنه.

همون طور که میبیند درون قسمت else اولین if،‌ یه if دیگه با else و end مربوط به خودش گذاشتیم که کاملا درست هست. (گرچه در این مثال میتونستیم اون رو به صورت elseif ادامه‌ی همون if اول بنویسیم ولی همه جا نمیشه این کار رو کرد).

تورفتگیهایی که در کد میگذاریم (مثلا محتوای اولین if را با دو space میبریم جلو و محتوای دومین if را با تعداد بیشتری فاصله میبریم جلو) در کد اختیاری هستند. ولی شدیداً توصیه میشود که آنها را بگذارید چون اگه نگذارید شش ماه بعد برگردید به کد خودتون نگاه کنید هیچی ازش نمیفهمید در صورتی که اگر تورفتگیها را رعایت کنید کد بسیار خواناتر میشه.

و اما تمرین توی خونه! برنامه ای بنویسید که مقدار a و b و c یک معادله درجه دوم به فرم ax²+bx+c=0 رو بگیره، ریشه‌های اون رو محاسبه و چاپ کنه!

راهنمایی: صورت سوال بالا برای نوشتن این برنامه کافیه، ولی خوب الگوریتم اون رو اینجا توضیح میدیم: اول a و b و c رو می‌گیریم و دلتا رو محاسبه می‌کنیم. حالا یهه if میخوایم که اگر دلتا بزرگتر از صفر باشه دو تا ریشه رو حساب کنه و نشون بده، اگر صفر باشه خوب یه ریشه داریم و اگر منفی باشه هم مثلا بگه «ریشه حقیقی ندارد». توی محاسبات هم که باید جذر دلتا رو حساب کنید از تابع math.sqrt استفاده کنید.

اگر داریم روی if اینقدر مانور میدیم علتش اینه که از پایه‌ای ترین چیزها هست و if رو بلد باشیم بلوک‌های for و while هم راحت میشن. خدا بخواد از این پایه ای ها رد بشیم سرعت جلو رفتن آموزش خیلی بالاتر میره.

جلسه بعد: for و while

INTRODUCTION

I don't have that many truly old scientific calculators, and none using the old VFD display technology, so I was pretty interested to check out this old Casio Scientific fx-102 from 1976.  Accordingly this is one of the very first consumer calculators that had built in fraction support, which came as a bit of a surprise since I thought the fraction feature was something that came about well after the introduction of LCD based scientific calculators.

One price quoted for the fx-102 in 1976 is �23, which in todays 2020 money would equate to nearly ~�149 pounds.  This was pretty cheap for a scientific calculator back then (the programmable fx-201P was �60 in 1976 which is about the cost of a fairly high end smartphone at ~�388).

 

BUILD QUALITY

Well considering the age of this machine and the condition that it is in, top marks all around.  It doesn't look too far off from being new despite it's age of 40+ years.

It is however very big and bulky, and much larger than my fx-82 which was released only half a decade later.  With TN LCD displays already being in production at the time, offering lower power consumption and a smaller size, it isn't surprising that VFD displays eventually disappeared.

Front of the fx-102:

 

Rear of the fx-102:

 

 

POWER CONSUMPTION

The devices uses 4xAA batteries, and a power consumption figure of 0.4W is printed on the calculator.  However I did do a few tests using a fluke multimeter:

Power on current draw peak: ~43mA

Power off current draw peak: ~100mA (not sure why, switching off seems to draw more current).

Idle (Radians mode) displaying 0 average: 39.98mA (Min: 37.76mA, Max: 44.72mA)
Idle (Radians mode) displaying 8888 8888 88 average: 46.68mA (Min: 40.26mA, Max: 50.02mA)
Calculation current peak: ~50mA (Hard to measure without a function that works continuously).
Calculation voltage average: 5.72V (Min: 5.64V, Max: 5.95V)
Calculated peak power: 5.95V * 0.05A = 0.30W

Switching between different modes (Rad->Deg->Grad->SD) did not effect the current draw.

So I guess the 0.4W figure is fairly honest.  I can't locate a manual for the fx-102, but the fx-101 which has a 0.45W drain states a lifespan of 25 hours for alkaline batteries, but with the measured figures and the battery specs (Varta AA longlife alkaline) 30-40 hours doesn't seem all that unrealistic if the fx-102 can make use of all of the available battery capacity.


DIGITS/PRECISION

It is a 12 digit VFD, but it never seems to use the left most digit.  Normally, this calculator seems to handle up to 10 digits for both entry and accuracy.  This also means that for numbers big/small enough to require an exponent you actually only have 8 digits of precision, so a good deal of precision is lost once a number transitions to scientific notation, as the last 2 digits are lost in order to display the exponent.

Below is a list of the precision of different functions that I worked out from trial and error (the last digit will be +/-1 in most cases):
10 digits for independent memory (including M+ and M- operation)
10 digits for basic arithmetic (+,-,*,/)
10 digits for 1/x
10 digits for fractions
10 digits for DMS -> Decimal conversion
10 digits for pi constant (3.141592654)
10 digits for statistics functions

9 digits for square root
8 digits for base10 log, natural log, natural exponential, base10 exponent (Hidden 9th digit for rounding)
8 digits for trig functions: sin, cos, tan, arcsin, arccos, arctan (Hidden 9th digit for rounding)
8 digits for x^y function (2 steps, finds natural log of x, multiplies by y then finds e^(y*ln(x)) - Hidden 9th digit for rounding).

Having functions calculate with less precision than the displayable 10 digits does cause problems however.  For example, with the [x^y] function 2^32 should equal 4,294,967,296; which can also fit on the display of the fx-102 without any issue, but since only 8 digits are used, the last 2 digits are truncated returning 2^32 = 4,294,967,200.  One way to work around these problems is to avoid using x^y for any numbers greater than 8 digits, but this is rather inconvenient.  You could also break it down into smaller parts 2^24 * 2^8, but this requires not only doing the same equation twice over, but also storing the result in memory for each part and then finally multiplying the result at the end.

 

CONSTANT CALCULATION MODE

You can multiply or divide by a constant by either pressing the multiplication/division key twice in succession.  

This isn't quite as developed as later Casio models like the D-series (eg fx-100D, fx-115D, fx-991D), where you can also use add and subtract for constants (both real and complex) in addition to using [x^y] and [x^1/y] as constant functions (you specify y, and once set as constant, you can automatically execute these functions by entering for the x-value followed by [=]).  It still can be useful however:

For example if you were looking to find circumference of several circles with radius's of 1, 3 & 7.9 metres:
2×[pi] ×× {enter radius}
 6.283 185 308
1[=]
 6.283 185 308
3[=]
 18.84955592
7[.]9[=]
 49.63716393
 
Likewise, if you wished to find the radius from a given circumference of 6, 1, & pi metres:
2×[pi] ÷÷ {enter circumference}
 6.283 185 308
6[=]
 0.954 929 658
1[=]
 0.159154943
[pi]
 0.5

Only the [1/x], [Ab/c] and memory storage keys ( [MC], [MR], [M-], [M+]) can be used while remaining in constant mode.  Be aware though that if you want to store the result from a constant calculation, you need to enter the number and then press [M+] or [M-] key instead of pressing [=] then [M+]/[M-].  This saves an extra step, showing you the result in addition to storing it, but carries the disadvantage of not seeing the result first before storing it.


TIPS AND TRICKS

Use the [x^y] button instead of ln button for natural logs
The x^y function is odd in that it returns the natural log of the value for x you enter first, before you enter the value for y to complete the function.  However the natural log returned after entering x's value is of a higher 10 digit precision then the built in ln button! Since you can interrupt this calculation, use [x^y] instead of ln.  

Use the multiplication constant function for squares
Unfortunately the fx-102 is missing the squared function, and so squaring numbers is cumbersome, for example, 5^2: 5[x^y]2[=].  You can also use the constant function for multiplication and division instead: 5^2: 5××[=].

Now it's just as many key-presses to use [x^y], so you might ask why.  A good reason is that the [x^y] function has at best 8 digits of precision, while basic arithmetic operations including constant mode have 10 digits of precision (+/- 1 digit), so you get a more precise result for the same number of presses.

Alternatively, use statistics mode for squares
Switch to S.D mode, and then take advantage of the sum squared function:
5^2: 5[=][M+]
This has the advantage of requiring just 3 button presses, but since you need to switch to statistics mode, it isn't particularly practical. 

 

If however you are doing pythagorus type equations, statistics mode can actually save a bit of work, for example:

"The main tent pole in a conical tent is 3 metres high, and the radius of tent floor is 5 metres.  What is the length of the tent fabric stretching from from the tent pole to the floor?"
d = sqrt(3^2 + 5^2)

{switch to statistics mode}
3[=] 5[=] [M+]
 34
{switch to any other mode, GRAD being closest}
[sqrt]
 5.83095189
8 steps required
 
If we performed this in any other mode:
3[x^y]2[=][M+] 5[x^y]2[=][M+] [MR][sqrt]
 5.83095189
12 steps required


FRACTION FEATURE

I was already aware that Casio's fraction feature has 2 implementations, old and new.  The older version as found on my fx-100D (c1992) is only able to display fractions while all calculations are also in fraction form.  The newer version as found on my fx-991W (c1998) adds the ability to convert decimals to fractions (as long as the number of digits that make up the fraction including fraction marks don't exceed 10).

The Casio fx-102 is using a version of the older implementation, although it is restricted to only using 3 digits for each component of the fraction.  Furthermore, it is also limited to 10 digits total, including fraction marks, eg 123+45/678 (which will simplify to 123+15/226).  It does work pretty well however, so you can happily continue to add/subtract/multiply/divide in fraction form as long as doing so doesn't exceed 3 digits for any value and 8 digits total for improper fractions.

Unfortunately, this feature comes with a pretty big downside, and that is that any calculation involving fractions can not be stored in memory.  As long as any calculation has at one time made use of the fraction feature, you are unable to store that number, even if the fraction was used several calculations ago.  Since there are no brackets (or stack), this can make working with fractions problematic, as at no time can you store part of the result of an equation temporarily; for example for the equation  1/2*sin(30) + 1/4*sin(60), it is actually impossible to solve using fractions since you are unable to store the answer to the first part (1/2*sin(30)) before working on the second part.


QUICK TEARDOWN

For the age of the calculator I thought the soldering and traces were relatively neat.  There are two, single-sided PCB's, one for most of the important electronics the other for the keyboard.  Both boards are connected by several flat, copper wires.  I've opened this calculator up twice now, and these types of connectors make me rather nervous (I trashed my old SH3 fx-9750G2 by breaking something similar).  

Overhead view of the two PCB's:

Unfortunately while I know some basics, I'm not particular knowledgable on electronic circuits.  I don't know how VFD's (Vacuum fluorescent display) work, but a quick google suggests they need 2 different voltages, A lower voltage (3V) for the filament (heater) and a higher voltage (12V to 30V) for the segments themselves.  Since this works off 4xAA batteries I'm guessing that there is some sort of DC-DC voltage booster.  While looking at the photograph of the motherboard I noticed that there was actually a 3rd PCB just to the left of the Hitachi HD36130 CPU, my guess here would be that this is the DC-DC convertor that provides the higher voltage for the VFD display.

Main board:

They keyboard PCB looks fairly neatly soldered as well, although it's not hard to spot the repair that was done at some time in the past.  Pressing a button looks to short that button to ground.  There are 4 separate metal plates for the buttons, each with tabs that contact one of the 5 flat copper pads seen on the front of the keyboard PCB.  The 5th copper pad appears to connect to a metal spring which connect the metal face on the calculator to ground.  I've always wondered why older Casio calculators do this, would be interesting to get some insight.

Keyboard PCB rear:

Keyboard PCB front: You can clearly see the 5 copper pads here.  For each button, a wire link is used as a contact surface.

Keyboard & Front cover inside:

Keyboard buttons and springs: The same piece of sheet metal is shaped into springs for each button.  The plastic buttons use a different coloured plastic to make up the label on the button.  I've seen this on other Casio's and I guess it is pretty common for calculators, but it does seems to be a great way to provide label wear resistance.

CONCLUSION

Realistically this isn't the sort of scientific calculator I can see myself using in the modern age.  The next oldest calculator I have is the original Casio fx-82 from 1982 (6 years later), which is far more compact, much more energy efficient (0.4W vs 0.0007W, or nearly 600 times less power!) as well as adding much needed stacks in the form of parenthesis, rectangular to polar and polar to rectangular conversions, more constant operations and other functionality.  It doesn't however have the fraction key and it is slower, but considering the rate of progress with calculator technology today, it must of been crazy to witness the changes from the late 1970's to early 1980's.

While the fx-102 may not have much utility in modern times, it does still however provide an interesting insight into the evolution of some of the core Casio features that are standard on later models.  It has the same direct entry system and the early independent memory works much the same way even in modern calculators (M+/M-).  The core fraction entry and display is pretty much unchanged, though the fraction button will toggle between fraction and decimal display, rather than remaining stuck in decimal display.  The exponential button is pretty much unchanged, and the Sexagesmial conversion just added the ability to convert from Decimal back to DMS.  Finally the constant function would get a few enhancements and stick around for a little over 20 years, when it was finally mothballed with the introduction of the W-series S-VPAM models in 1998.


 

The following list was written by user202729 and serves as the guide to this forum thread.

 

 

 

Tutorial about ROP.

Javascript code to help with writing hackstring.

Character map image. Alternative version. Also available in the Javascript code above.

Scrolling text demonstration with video.

Calculator font.

How to enter a hackstring (991ES+) (less detailed version)

Hackstring used to dump the ROM. No longer needed now as we already have the ROM.

Datasheet contains some information about the hardware.

Hardware description: Part 1, part 2.

  * KI/KO ports (keyboard).
  * Timer: Part 1, part 2.
  * LCD screen.

Variable byte representation (no English translation this time).


High-level functions:

  * getkey

There are some outdated information about "real address" and "emulator address". Now we had the real ROM of the calculator that is not necessary.

The Fx-9860gii SDK uses C by default (it also supports C++, SH4A and SH3 ASM), the SDK just uses the standard C with some extra functions for I/O and drawing. 

 

 

In the "fxlib.h" header file, there are a bunch of Bdisp functions, these functions deal with drawing pixels to the screen and clearing them.

e.g Bdisp_PutDisp_DD() is the function used to draw a pixel to the screen and Bdisp_AllClr_DD() is the function used to clear all the pixels from the screen.

 

There is a good tutorial created by Fez and reformatted by Helder7 about the Bdisp functions and basic I/O over here: http://www.casiopeia...php?f=20&t=1420

 

You can also download the official Casio docs on the fxlib library over here: http://edu.casio.com...greement.html#2

 

 

Here is a hello world program, most of this is auto-generated by the SDK when you create a new project:

/*****************************************************************/
/*                                                               */
/*   CASIO fx-9860G SDK Library                                  */
/*                                                               */
/*   File name : [ProjectName].c                                 */
/*                                                               */
/*   Copyright (c) 2006 CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.                 */
/*                                                               */
/*****************************************************************/

#include "fxlib.h"

//****************************************************************************
//  AddIn_main (Sample program main function)
//
//  param   :   isAppli   : 1 = This application is launched by MAIN MENU.
//                        : 0 = This application is launched by a strip in eACT application.
//
//              OptionNum : Strip number (0~3)
//                         (This parameter is only used when isAppli parameter is 0.)
//
//  retval  :   1 = No error / 0 = Error
//
//****************************************************************************

int AddIn_main(int isAppli, unsigned short OptionNum)
{
    Bdisp_AllClr_DDVRAM();          // clear screen
    PrintXY(1,1,"Hello World!",0);  // print "Hello World!" to the VRAM
    Bdisp_PutDisp_DD();             // copy pixels from the VRAM to the actual display
    return 1;
}




//****************************************************************************
//**************                                              ****************
//**************                 Notice!                      ****************
//**************                                              ****************
//**************  Please do not change the following source.  ****************
//**************                                              ****************
//****************************************************************************


#pragma section _BR_Size
unsigned long BR_Size;
#pragma section


#pragma section _TOP

//****************************************************************************
//  InitializeSystem
//
//  param   :   isAppli   : 1 = Application / 0 = eActivity
//              OptionNum : Option Number (only eActivity)
//
//  retval  :   1 = No error / 0 = Error
//
//****************************************************************************
int InitializeSystem(int isAppli, unsigned short OptionNum)
{
    return INIT_ADDIN_APPLICATION(isAppli, OptionNum);
}

#pragma section

As you can see from above, there is no main() function, unlike standard C our entry point to the program isn't the main() function, it is the AddIn_Main() function.

The Mandelbrot fractal is quite a sight.
Such wonder and amazement that can be found while viewing the Mandelbrot fractal can now be had on the Casio Prizm graphing calculator.
In addition this program can also be compiled for the PC assuming SDL is installed.
Just run make and it will be up and running.
There is very little difference in function between the PC version and the casio prizm version, the resolution is higher but that is it.

The controls are
Left, right, up, down moves the window in that direction
Menu key or ESC on the PC, exits to the menu or exits the program (PC)
F1 sets maximum iterations to 65535
F2 sets the maximum iterations to 224 (this is the default upon starting the program)
F3 toggles deep mode which is on by default. This means you can zoom in deeper with a slight performance hit.
I do not notice the difference
1 subtracts one from the maximum iterations
2 adds one to the maximum iterations
3 subtracts ten from the maximum iterations
4 adds ten to the maximum iterations
5 subtracts 100 from the maximum iterations
6 adds 100 to the maximum iterations
Shift zooms in
Alpha (ALT on PC) zooms out
Source code https://github.com/C...-Prizm-Explorer
Binary https://github.com/C.../mandelbrot.g3a
Screen shots (from the PC version which gets very similar output differing only in resolution).


Anyways if you have any bug report(s), feature request(s), pull request(s), patch(es) or whatever relates to this I would be happy to hear about them.

There are tutorials to write programs in Casio-Basic on here. Just use the search bar to find them

Name: Daniel, just call me Hyuji.

Birthday: 15 Feb

Age: 17(For now...)

Hobbies: Biking, Video Games (RPGs), Anime & Manga, Mathematics, Computers, Music(Rap)

Where you got your username: I'm lazy so I just took some grouped letters on the keyboard, that made sense, into a username. If you look on a QWERTY keyboard, you will see the letter H-Y-U-J-I all grouped together for easy typing. My password follows a similar principal.

O.o You sure you want to say that much about your password?

Anyway, welcome to UCF!

Hope you enjoy your stay. In the meantime, Ice Cream!

It is possible to like the own posts. Is this a bug or a feature? I would say bug because you can incrase your like counter this way or bump your post in the most liked - section .

I was a fan of HP and TI. But when I found out about CBASIC, I bought three 9860gii-2 calculators at once and loaded your CBASIC into them. My intuition told me that this is a worthwhile investment. The HP-50g and HP-Prime are two lame ducks develo6ped by enthusiasts without capital. The failure of the hp-39gii/gs models confirmed this. The 9860gii-2 had more intelligent hardware and software developers. I wish you continued success in Your work.

Don't underestimate this little calculator. Except for graphics and string manipulations, the Casio Basic included has most of the features - including Getkey and Locate - found in the more expensive models. It has even a few features lacking from the graphics calculators:

To prompt for input, the normal way is:
"N"?-->N
Will display N? and store the input in variable N.

Casio fx-5800P also allows this:
"N"?N
Will display N? but also shows the variable N. If no change, then you can press EXE right away. Very handy!

It has a FILE key on the keyboard making it easy to run any program outside Program Mode. With my Casio fx-CG50 I have to switch to Linear Mode, then retrieve the Prog command from the catalog and finally type the program name on the keyboard enclosed in quotation marks. Very awkward.

Often used programs and formulas can also be added to a favorite List, another useful feature.

I also like the CALC and SOLVE keys available to quickly enter an equation and solve for any variable:
E.g. BMI=weight (kg)/height (m)^2

 

Type B-W/H^2, press SOLVE key, enter W and H, highlight B and press SOLVE again. Done!

The single AAA battery lasts one year if calculator is used 1 hour a day. It draws only 0.12W.

The biggest drawback is that it might be too slow for some. The same prime factorization program used on both the fx-5800P and fx-CG50 gives me:
N=6666666667 (19 x 1627 x 215659)

 

fx-5800P: 25.4 s
fx-CG50: 2.5 s

 

N.B. Casio fx-5800P gives the same precedence to multiplication, division and implicit multiplication. That's why

 

6/2(1+2) = 9

 

If you try this with a newer CASIO calculator (or one with updated firmware), you will get

 

6/2(1+2) = 1

 

As Casio now gives higher precedence to implicit multiplication, so it treats the above expression as:

 

6/(2(1+2))

 

The calculator was introduced in 2007, I really hope Casio could upgrade it with a faster processor, more memory and a PC-link.

 

I just use the sprintf function, (which is in the stdio.h lib, also sidenote: the printXY function is from the fxlib.h lib) to convert the float into a char array and then print it to the screen.

Here is an example function:

void printFloat(int x, int y, float f){
    unsigned char buffer[9];
    sprintf(buffer, "%f", f);
    PrintXY(x,y, buffer, 0);
}

and here it is in use:

int AddIn_main(int isAppli, unsigned short OptionNum)
{
    float pi = 3.141593;            //the float we're going to print
    Bdisp_AllClr_DDVRAM();          //clear screen
    printFloat(1,1,pi);             //call the function to print the float
    Bdisp_PutDisp_DD();             //put pixels from VRAM onto the screen
    
    while(1){}
    return 1;
}

Does anybody know how to get gray-scale pixels on SH4-type fx-9860gii model calculators.

I've read that Kucalc got it working back in 2007 but that only for sh3. I know C and C++ but I don't know how to write assembly.

 

The Casio fx-9860 model series only has a monochrome LCD, therefore it can only display pixels in black and white, but a lot of people found ways to emulate tones of gray(gray-scale) on the LCDs.

You have to switch the pixels on and off at a high frequency to trick our eyes to see gray. A darker gray can be achieved by displaying the black pixels for a little while longer.

I've already tried doing this in C, but the flicker speed is not even close to the speed needed to achieve a gray looking pixel.

 

I know it's possible because people have already done it for the 9860G, and they also achieved gray-scale on the TI-83+ using the same technique.

I've seen it used in Doodle Jump and Mario Land CE and it looks awesome. Games look so much better with gray-scale.

 

Please reply if you have any information/comments about gray-scale on the SH4-type CPUs.

I got it...

Calculator automatically converts negative angles in their complementary values, meaning -102.7 = 257.3-360

Hi Thief_Of_Heart

Do you know any programming languages already?

Here is a good tutorial to start you out with programming on casio calcs: http://community.cas...1798#entry31798

And for news and help, feel free browse the forums or check out my blog, which has some helpful resources and a budding tutorials section.

Actually Windows 8 is a transitional operating system. So we'd better wait and see what will Microsoft do with itself in the next version.
Without the start menu, it looks weird. There are already 3rd party start menu's out, though.

Generally, as someone who can confuse others by working with the computer very fast (look at my humility ), I find mouse much faster and convenient than touch screen. In my case, with touch screen, I have to jam my index finger while gazing at the screen to make it work. With mouse, you just move your wrist (and at the worst case your forearm) and everything gets done.

Just wanted to know, that mylib has now a new version (0.42)
It can be used to write your own programs for casio 9860.

mylib tries to simplify things in C, like string manipulation, dynamic structures, and gui elements. It is designed for simplicity in mind, and not speed, so many of the functions contained maybe suboptimal at best.

The description of the functions can be found in the command in mylib.h, and the example application named MYLIBT.c can be very helpful in understanding the mylib usage.

The library contains, debugging functions, screen dumping, information functions, dynamic Strings, StringLists,Dialogs with 2 simple callback mechanisms, DialogItems structs, display functions like Menus,questionBoxes,messageBoxes,multipleChoiceBoxes.
A new View struct that can be used to draw graphics or print text in double real coordinates.

obsolete to be upgraded functions:
matrixEditor,matrixDisplay

mylib version fixes info and download file with the example casio 9860 sdk project can be found here:

http://www.casiopeia...detail&df_id=86

Hi,
I'm planning to make a faster basic-interpreter for the fx-series in c.
The idea: The interpreter uses the same code like the Casiobasic-interpreter. But instead of slow, useless functions I want to use fast ones, for example from Monochromelib or Revolutionfx. I also want to interpret the Send/Receive commands, so they would work.
That means we would play the same basic games like before - but faster and with better quality and new functions.
I already have some good ideas.

But I do not want to program this alone: I want it to be a team project.
So, who wants to join the project?

The announcement also mentions a new supported function "Bkey_GetKeyWait", but I see the version is still 1.00. How can that be?

Because it's already in the SDK (used by GetKeyWait()), but no interface has been provided so far.

Here's a batch script that lets you extract Bkey_GetKeyWait() from the fx-9860G library:

@echo off

set "shc_lib=%programfiles%\casio\fx-9860g sdk\os"
set "sh_lnk=%shc_lib%\sh\bin\optlnk.exe"
set "fxlib=%shc_lib%\fx\lib\fx9860G_library.lib"

"%sh_lnk%" -library="%fxlib%" -list=modules.txt -form=library -output=temp.lib
"%sh_lnk%" -library="%fxlib%" -extract=_Bkey_GetKeyWait -form=object -output=Bkey_GetKeyWait.obj
del temp.lib

pause > nul

If you analyze this file with a disassembler then:

.section P, CODE
				.export _Bkey_GetKeyWait

_Bkey_GetKeyWait:
				mov.l   #h'80010070, r2
				mov.l   #h'247, r0
				jmp	 @r2
				nop

dword_8:		.data.l h'80010070
dword_C:		.data.l h'247

You'll see that Bkey_GetKeyWait() just makes a syscall (0x247) and that it has global scope (.export keyword).

So it should be sufficient to just add the function prototype to an include file:

int Bkey_GetKeyWait(int *code1, int *code2, int wait_type, int time, int menu, short *unused);